Carbon nanotubes are a modern and extremely light material that can add desirable properties to many industrial products, but they may be a health hazard. A new doctoral dissertation at Luleå University of Technology in Sweden shows that extremely small fibers such as carbon nanotubes can make their way far into the lungs, which in the worst case can present an increased risk of developing cancer.

“My research substantiates the concerns about health effects and is one reason we should be careful when handling with these materials,” says Sofie Högberg, who now holds a PhD in engineering from the Division of Fluid Mechanics at Luleå University of Technology.

The result of her work indicates that the fibers that are most likely to make their way far into the lungs, perhaps all the way to the alveoli, are those with a diameter of c. 10-100 nanometers (1 nanometer = one billionth of a meter) and a length of 1-10 micrometers. This is a common size for carbon nanotubes.

In her research, she developed equations to describe the movements of a fiber. She then solved these equations numerically for a large number of fibers in a geometry and a flow field that represents the airways, in order to see what proportion of the inhaled fibers might be thought to fasten, depending on parameters like particle size and form.

The field of nanotechnology has been burgeoning in recent years, and today there are more than 1,000 nanoproducts on the market. The technology involves modifying material virtually at the level of the atom. Carbon nanotubes are a popular nanomaterial because of their combination of favorable properties that are desirable in many industrial products. By adding a small amount of carbon nanotubes it’s possible to create materials that are strong yet still light in weight. However, with a diameter on the nanoscale and a highly elongated form, this extremely small particle can constitute a health risk.

“There are concerns, among others, that carbon nanotubes may lead to mesothelioma, a cancer form that previously has been associated only with asbestos,” says Sofie Högberg.

Our knowledge of how spherical and fiber-shaped particles move can be used in other fields, such as production of composites and paper as well as medicines in aerosols. This means that Sofie Högberg’s research has a wide spectrum of applications.

Microscopically small nanostructured arrays of lenses that can record or project amazingly sharp images in brilliant colors are being demonstrated by Fraunhofer research scientists at the nano tech 2011 trade show in Tokyo from February 16 to 18.

Lights off – projector on. Lecture theaters, conference halls and seminar rooms currently have to be darkened if the speaker wants to project a presentation on screen. Unfortunately, the attention of the listeners goes off with the lights, and tiredness takes over. A new technique promises to remedy this situation. The projectors of the futur will not only be small and easy to use but also shine so brightly that the images appear sharp and clear, even in a sun-filled room.

The image illuminating the wall of the Fraunhofer exhibition stand at nano tech 2011 will be produced by a luminous cube. The prototype of the new projector consists of an optical system just eleven millimeters square and three millimeters thick through which a powerful LED lamp shines. The images are amazingly sharp, the colors brilliant – all thanks to micro and nanotechnology. “The special thing about the new projection technology is that the image is already integrated in the microoptics. The pixels measuring just a hundred nanometers or so are stored in a chromium layer under the lens array. Such a microarray has around 250 microlenses, and under each lens there is a microimage. When all of them are projected onto the wall together, a high-quality complete image is produced from an extremely small projector,” explains Marcel Sieler, physicist at the Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering IOF in Jena.

This pocket-sized technology has the potential to replace not only overhead and digital projectors but also cameras. “The commercial prospects for ultra-flat microoptical systems are excellent because they open up numerous new applications – like minicameras or miniprojectors” enthuses Dr. Michael Popall from the the Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC. He adds: “The leap in manufacturing quality achieved in recent months can be compared to the advance in television from the cathode ray tube to HDTV.” The IOF scientists have also developed a projector that is not much bigger than a box of matches. It can project presentations, video clips and movies from a cell phone or laptop onto any wall – at home, in the office or out and about. Ultra-flat cameras that are ideal for area or production monitoring in exposed locations are another application which will be demonstrated in Tokyo.

A special material composition has been developed by researchers at ISC for the manufacture of the microlens arrays used in all these applications. Organic carbon-hydrogen and oxygen compounds are enveloped in an inorganic matrix of silicon oxide or titanium oxide. This prevents the embedded plastics from changing chemically over the course of time. Such ORMOCER®s are insensitive to mechanical and thermal loadings. Incidentally, the formula for stabilizing sensitive compounds is very old: The ancient Mayas mixed their natural indigo dye, which normally bleaches quickly in the sun, with a clay mineral to render it fast. As a result, the blue dye they used to decorate the walls of their houses and temples lasted for more than a thousand years.

The method employed by the Mayas was very effective but rather crude compared with modern techniques. “Today we can control the chemical bonding of the inorganic and organic substances with nanometer precision,” states Popall. “Development of the material, however, is only one part of the puzzle. The shaping process and the technology needed to control it play a crucial role in lens manufacture. It was only through close cooperation between chemists and physicists at Fraunhofer that we succeeded in producing the arrays, substrates and components needed for extremely flat, high-quality optics.” The resolution attainable is now almost as high as that of high-quality glass optics – but using significantly less material and space. What’s more, the new material can be mass produced, which keeps the costs much lower.

Small is beautiful is the principle for the new optical world. The days of suitcase-sized projectors will be therefore numbered.